Most hydrophobic: Ile (+4.5), Val (+4.2), Leu (+3.8), Phe (+2.8), Cys (+2.5), Met (+1.9), Ala (+1.8) Intermediate: Gly (-0.4), Thr (-0.7), Ser (-0.8), Trp (-0.9), Tyr (-1.3), Pro (-1.6) Most hydrophilic: His (-3.2), Glu (-3.5), Gln (-3.5), Asp (-3.5), Asn (-3.5), Lys (-3.9), Arg (-4.5) Hydrophobicity influences HPLC retention time (more hydrophobic peptides elute later in RP-HPLC), solubility in aqueous buffers, membrane permeability, and aggregation propensity
GHK-Cu is delivered via subcutaneous injection, targeting areas where a natural layer of fat sits between the skin and muscle
In this context, arginase 1 expression is important for polyamine and proline synthesis by tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), providing them (CAFs) with the carbon backbone for collagen and ECM synthesis that fosters ovarian tumor growth and metastasis in a mouse model [97]
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