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The scale of the challenge means there is a need to raise awareness with clinicians and policymakers of the other risk factors including indoor and outdoor air pollution. Paul Cosford, Lead Author Risk factors for non-smoking associated lung cancers include: Second-hand smoke (15% cases) Exposure to occupational carcinogens (4% cases in females, 21% cases in males) Outdoor pollution (8% cases), Exposure to X-rays and radon (about 1.3% cases)

Archived from the original on December 10, 2025

If you wish you can also make this up with a pencil, or a piece of rope.

However, this leads to a dangerous misconception: many people underestimate the health risks particularly in comparison to conventional tobacco cigarettes