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Exclusion criteria were simultaneous use of any other nicotine or tobacco product (including cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and nicotine replacement therapy), drug use (including cannabis), alcohol dependence, eating disorder, and current or planned pregnancy

From 2000 through 2011, more than 180,000 deaths occurred in people who had participated in the studies

No one understood this reality better than the tobacco industry and its allies who wanted to see Health Education money diverted to medical services

These alterations contribute to systemic inflammation by increasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-1) [24]