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Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 303:L814L823 Monick MM, Powers LS, Walters K, Lovan N, Zhang M, Gerke A, Hansdottir S, Hunninghake GW (2010) Identification of an autophagy defect in smokers alveolar macrophages

A government-commissioned independent review concluded that plain packaging had significantly contributed to reducing smoking prevalence in the years after its implementation

Shin cautioned that using the injections to treat long COVID is very new and there's a lot more research needed to determine whether or not it is truly effective and why it works

This sets the stage for exploring how smoking compromises lung defence mechanisms in the next section