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The jury is still out on vaping with the NHS judging it as not risk-free

However, discomfort is not synonymous with harm, and it is neither clinically nor ethically appropriate to treat withdrawal symptoms by perpetuating addiction, especially when evidence-based alternatives such as nicotine patches, gum, and lozenges are widely available and effective, as well as medication to aid withdrawal symptoms

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The study used a combination of individual- and area-level data, including environmental exposures, socioeconomics and residential addresses, and although it was often spatial data, our models were non-spatial