Of all the included studies, only seven evaluated the effects of electronic cigarettes in a healthy non-tobacco smoking population, these studies revealed significant effects, including increases in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and oxidative stress, as well as respiratory system changes such as alterations in the transcriptomes of the respiratory epithelium and alveolar macrophages, and a sudden increase in airflow resistance suggesting airway obstruction
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Table 4 Incidence and aHRs of Developing UC According to Sex, Smoking Status, and Onset Age of Smoking DISCUSSION We demonstrated the incidence and risk of IBD according to smoking status and the onset age of smoking through a large-scale population-based cohort in Korea
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