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Cigarettes also affect the bodys oxygen supply

High cigarette taxes act similarly to a price prohibition on the legal product in many US states, incentivizing smuggling and illicit activity.[10] After New York, the highest rate of smuggling occurs in California (46.7 percent of consumption smuggled), New Mexico (41.2 percent), Massachusetts (39.7 percent), and Washington (36.8 percent)

To relax the log(linear) assumption usually applied to continuous doseresponse risk and make the estimates robust to the placement of spline knots, we used an ensemble spline approach to fit the functional form of the doseresponse relationship