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The involvement of nicotine can speed up the process called peristalsisthe rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the intestines that propel food along the digestive tract

Smoking introduces multiple risk factors: suction force that disrupts clots, chemical irritants that damage healing tissue, and nicotine that constricts blood vessels

Nicotine and lipopolysaccharide stimulate the production of MMPs and prostaglandin E2 by hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha up-regulation in human periodontal ligament cells

Smoking cessation treatment among patients in community-based substance abuse rehabilitation programs: exploring predictors of outcome as clues toward treatment improvement