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However, it's important to note that individual responses to smoking can vary, and other factors such as lifestyle, genetics, and overall health can influence testosterone levels

In terms of prognosis, women who quit smoking after a breast cancer diagnosis have lower mortality rates compared to those who continue smoking, with former smokers showing a significantly better 10-year overall survival rate compared to current smokers

While lung cancer is the most well-known health risk linked to smoking, it also threatens eye health, among other issues

CS also elevated Actinomyces odontolyticus and reduced Streptococcus sanguinis , disrupting the balance between pathogenic and protective bacteria [55]