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Pour up!" I'm disturbed this woman has a black eye for a smoke

If only 5 % of triers of ANDS or snus were caused to become lifetime smokers over and above those who would have become smokers anyway and 10 % of potential and current smokers were displaced from becoming smokers, then the overall net effect on the population is to prevent smoking rather than recruit smoking (i.e., an off-ramp rather than an on-ramp or gateway)

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As such, there is evidence to support an immune-suppressive effect of cannabis smoke that may impair anti-microbial defenses, similar in nature to the alteration of macrophage function to individual cannabinoids noted above