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A 2013 study showed that for people aged between 18 and 69, smokers were 1.3 times more likely to get cancer than ex-smokers or non-smokers

If the rates are increasing, that may suggest increases in exposure to other lung carcinogens that need to be investigated

Early Smoking-Associated Molecular Changes in Lung Cancer Development Premalignant lung lesions and NSCLCs in smokers share mutual molecular alterations that have been reviewed elsewhere ( MYC activation in the development and progression of squamous premalignant lesions following smoking ( The concept of field cancerization was first observed and developed by Slaughter, describing sites of neoplasia and histologically adjacent normal-appearing tissue ( Smoking Rates and Spectra in LMICs: Case of Lebanon While non-communicable diseases, particularly cancer, pose a significant public health burden in high-income or upper middle-income countries, the effect is even more pronounced in low-income nations or LMICs

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