By inserting the word characterizing, the sad results are that producers are adding additives just under the level that could be used in a trial against them and deemed as characterizing. After the ban took effect last year, some companies decided to double down on new products like IQOS, a popular heated-tobacco device made by Philip Morris International that uses tobacco inserts that can still be mentholated
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Applying Bayess rule, we have odds(smoker | cancer) = odds(smoker) * p(cancer | smoker) / p(cancer | non-smoker) Rearranging terms, we can solve for the risk ratio: p(cancer | smoker) / p(cancer | non-smoker) = odds(smoker | cancer) / odds(smoker) = 16 Thats the answer I had in mind, but let me address an objection raised by one poll respondent, who chose Other because, You cant draw casual inferences from observational data without certain assumptions which Im unwilling to make. Thats true
A person with brain fog may have problems with memory, focus, thinking and understanding, as well as often experiencing stress and fatigue
