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Other peer-reviewed studies provide support for these findings.[3] A 2018 study in Public Finance Review examined littered packs of cigarettes across 132 communities in 38 states, finding that 21 percent of packs did not have proper local stamps.[4] As noted by LaFaive and Nesbit, primary authors of the Mackinac Center study, smuggling comes in different forms: casual smuggling, where smaller quantities of cigarettes are purchased in one area and then transported for personal consumption, and commercial smuggling, which is large-scale criminal activity that can involve counterfeit state tax stamps, counterfeit versions of legitimate brands, hijacked trucks, or officials turning a blind eye.[5] The Mackinac Center has cited numerous examples over the many editions of this report, including stories of a Maryland police officer running illicit cigarettes while on duty, a Virginia man hiring a contract killer over a cigarette smuggling dispute, and prison guards caught smuggling cigarettes into prisons

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2015;148:165171 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 11.Hindocha C, Freeman TP, Ferris JA, et al

However, misinterpretation of this practice as a militaristic uprising eventually escalated to a full-scale conflict that ended with the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890