We developed a search string to search for studies reporting any association between binary smoking status (that is, current, former and ever smokers) and the five CVD outcomes from 1 January 1970 to 31 May 2022, and included only studies reporting age-specific risk (RR, odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR)) of smoking status
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We excluded individuals with missing information as well as those with a preexisting diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or end-stage kidney disease based on the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes documented between January 1, 2002, and the day of the 2009 NHSP checkup for each subject to study incident outcomes