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Retrieved from Yamada, T., Hara, K., Umematsu, H., et al

CS exposure activates the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B) and increases messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-8 (one of the mediators controlled by NF-B) within the macrophages.21 22 This process is at least partially an autologous effect, with other cells such as bronchial epithelial cells shown to release increased IL-8 in response to CS that would contribute to stimulate macrophage and neutrophil influx.23 The increased BALF cellularity may take over 1 month to significantly reduce and up to 6 months to fully normalise.24 Accumulation of autofluorescent bodies AMs from smokers contain autofluorescent bodies25 due to the uptake of CS particles (ie, tar)

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The minimum price of tobacco should be increased to at least as high as the price of tobacco in the Northwest Territories and adjacent provinces, after adjusting for general differences in purchasing power, the study said