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Self-reported symptoms that were aggravated by regular cigarette smoking and self-reported symptoms that had improved after the participants had started EC use (n = 400)

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The average causal mediation effect (ACME), average direct effect (ADE), and the proportion mediated were estimated for each pathway via quasi-Bayesian Monte Carlo simulation with 1000 iterations.A two-sided p 30 cigarettes/day) group showed significantly higher likelihood of HTN (p=0.002) compared to the other groups before adjustment (Table 3, Model 1)

10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118497 28 GuoG.LiuC.WangY.XieS.ZhangK.ChenL.et al (2019a)