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INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex respiratory condition characterized by persistent and progressive airflow obstruction, resulting from abnormalities in the airways (such as bronchitis and bronchiolitis) or alveoli (emphysema) 1
They also show more concentrated relaxation values than the broader range observed by non-smokers
Therefore, littering cigarette butts in the environment is not only a threat to the ecosystem due to the leakage of many compounds such as aromatic amines 41,42 , metals 8,10 , nicotine 12 , and PAH, but also led to the variation in the quality of by-products, which is a serious challenge in the next stages of cigarette butt management
Hapai has supported researchers to link with Vape2Save, a community-based program in Auckland (which provided a submission to Australias inquiry), to interview group participants around their experience with vaping
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