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Although the ACS (founded in 1913 as the American Society for the Control of Cancer and given its present name in 1945) helped fund the pioneering epidemiological studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer by E

Studies have shown that smoking is associated with lower testosterone levels in men, with current smokers having significantly lower levels of testosterone compared to non-smokers

The study found that a higher smoking index (reflecting intensity and duration) independently predicted poorer prognosis, reinforcing the dose-response relationship between smoking and survival

In fact, the American Cancer Society, in a study of 116,000 men, found that male smokers who gave up cigarettes for smokeless tobacco still had higher death rates from lung cancer, heart disease and strokes than men who quit all tobacco or never smoked