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Despite the extremely time-consuming nature of the manual labor required to estimate each record, these approximations were extremely valuable and vital for constructing the database, enabling the present review to make strategic recommendations for addressing cigarette butt contamination

10.1038/srep15489 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Prez-Trevio P., Velsquez M., Garca N

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Key findings of the review include: the current best estimate is that e-cigarettes are around 95% less harmful than smoking nearly half the population (44.8%) dont realise e-cigarettes are much less harmful than smoking there is no evidence so far that e-cigarettes are acting as a route into smoking for children or non-smokers The review, commissioned by PHE and led by Professor Ann McNeill (Kings College London) and Professor Peter Hajek (Queen Mary University of London), suggests that e-cigarettes may be contributing to falling smoking rates among adults and young people