Parental smoking status was assessed using the question: Do your parents smoke tobacco?, with response options of Neither, Father only, Mother only, and Both. Tobacco advertisement exposure was defined as a response of Yes to any of the following questions: During the past 30 days, did you see any people using tobacco on TV, in videos, or in movies?, During the past 30 days, did you see any advertisements or promotions for tobacco products at points of sale (such as stores, shops, kiosks, super markets, market, restaurant, shops, convenient stores, etc.)?, and Do you have something (for example, t-shirt, pen, backpack) with a tobacco product brand logo on it?. Anti-tobacco advertisement exposure was defined as a response of Yes to any of the following questions: During the past 30 days, did you see or hear any anti-tobacco media messages on television, radio, internet, billboards, posters, newspapers, magazines, or movies? and During the past 30 days, did you see or hear any anti-tobacco messages at sports events, fairs, concerts, or community events, or social gatherings?. Being taught about dangers of tobacco use was defined as a response of Yes to the question: During the past 12 months, were you taught in any of your classes about the dangers of tobacco use?. The year of a country ratified World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) was obtained from the WHO website
Regulating the tobacco retail environment Strong restrictions on advertising, discounting, promoting, and selling tobacco in the retail environment are critical to prevent initiation, encourage quitting, protect young people, and mitigate the impact of tobacco marketing for groups who have been disproportionately targeted
Oxidative stress and a jangled nervous system Finally, the cocktail of chemicals in smoke floods the tissue with oxidative stress a surge of reactive oxygen species that mops up what little nitric oxide is left and damages the vessel directly (Tostes, 2008) and disrupts the fine molecular signalling that erections depend on (Dai, 2025)
J Biol Chem 278:4005740066 Luo W, Lin Y, Meng S, Guo Y, Zhang J, Zhang W (2016) miRNA-296-3p modulates chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells by targeting CX3CR1
