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Key mechanisms: Directly inhibits NF-B the central transcription factor governing the body's inflammatory cascade Suppresses MAP kinase signalling pathways Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 Acts via PepT1 transporters in intestinal epithelial and immune cells, targeting gut-resident inflammation at the tissue level The evidence: A landmark study published in Gastroenterology demonstrated that nanomolar concentrations of KPV inhibit NF-B and MAP kinase inflammatory pathways and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and that oral administration of KPV reduces the incidence of chemically induced colitis in mice as measured by both histology and cytokine expression

The FDA then issues a formal rule change

Velayoudom, J.F

10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.010 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 11.Chung KM, Huang CH, Cheng JH, Tsai CH, Suen CS, Hwang MJ, et al