Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
They can be applied in the same routine without concern, though some users prefer to apply them in separate steps to give each product time to contact the scalp before layering the next
Nicotinamide riboside, a precursor to NAD+, is a form of Vitamin B3
First, it explains BPC-157's remarkable stability under acidic conditions: its structure was selected by evolution to function in the hostile stomach environment (pH between 1 and 3)