HMB (-Hydroxy -Methylbutyrate) is a leucine metabolite shown to reduce muscle protein breakdown by up to 20% in calorie-restricted settings
It can present in individuals of all ages, including children and affects both sexes equally
Taking iron supplements with vitamin C enhances absorption, while calcium and tannins (in tea) inhibit it
In epilepsy, ketogenic dietary therapy is an established treatment, particularly for infantile, refractory, and metabolic epilepsies such as glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) deficiency and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, where ketosis may reduce seizure frequency and severity, potentially via enhanced mitochondrial efficiency and dampened excitatory synaptic transmission, although mechanisms remain incompletely understood [67, 69, 70, 71]