These include N-acetylaspartate, lactate, tryptophan, kynurenine, glutamate, creatine, linoleic acid, D-serine, glutathione, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, among others (72)
Concurrent use of medications that affect b12 absorption Several common medications interfere with b12 absorption through various mechanisms
Oral intake of L-carnitine during pregnancy should be assessed on a case-by-case basis with a physician
Translationally, we also see that MGBA research is informing biomarker development: for example, measuring short-chain fatty acid levels, gut permeability markers, or fecal bacterial gene profiles as surrogate markers of treatment response in trials