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Firstly, by dampening inflammatory responses integral to the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety, omega-3 PUFAs and their metabolites can inhibit leukocyte chemotaxis, reduce the expression of adhesion molecules, decrease the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and encourage a shift in microglia polarization towards a reparative, non-inflammatory state (75, 76)
Future studies should standardize methodological approaches across populations and increase sample sizes in order to distinguish between geographic and pathological microbiome variations
More recently, a systematic review, which aimed to determine whether herbal medicinal use during pregnancy was associated with adverse maternal or child outcomes, found that topical use of almond oil was significantly associated with preterm birth, oral raspberry leaf with caesarean delivery, and heavy liquorice consumption (greater than 500 mg/week) with early preterm birth (Munoz Balbontin et al., 2019)