THP-1 cells were seeded at 2 10 5 cells per well in complete RPMI 1640 medium with 100 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (Cayman) and differentiated into macrophages for 3 days, then rested in PMA-free medium for 16 h before infection
These include: Age and overall health status Severity of Vitamin B12 deficiency Presence of underlying medical conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders Concurrent medications that may interact with Vitamin B12 For example, older adults or those with severe deficiencies might need more
Ramos highlights zinc (mucosal protection), vitamin A (epithelial cell health), and L-glutamine (tissue repair and a precursor for glutathione) as the core repair-phase nutrients used to help remodel barrier integrity
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