Williams, A novel role for vitamin B12: Cobalamins are intracellular antioxidants in vitro, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Volume 47, Issue 2, 15 July 2009, Pages 184-188, ISSN 0891-5849, J
These mechanisms connect to physiological outcomes (faster wound healing, improved tendon repair, protection of the gastrointestinal lining), but current understanding is based largely on laboratory and animal studies, with limited confirmation in controlled human trials
These included enhanced reepithelialization, wound contraction, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis
1- Ice the injection site Before injecting with vitamin B12, apply ice to your thigh, hip, or groin- wherever you plan on inserting the needle