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The NADPH generated in red blood cells reduces oxidized glutathione, a tripeptide of sequence -glu-cys-gly, to the sulfhydryl form, catalyzed by glutathione reductase

It may increase the blood-thinning effects of anticoagulants like Warfarin (Coumadin), requiring careful monitoring of prothrombin times and bleeding risks

Research confirms that in cell cultures, these peptides show only additive effects

By integrating basic research and clinical evidence, this article seeks to provide new perspectives for DKD nutritional intervention strategies and theoretical foundations for the development and application of functional foods and medicinal-edible homologous substances