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By activating GLP-1 and GIP receptors, it enhances insulin secretion (when glucose is present) and suppresses appetite, similar to existing incretin therapies [7] [8]

Early research is mostly from animal models, so the clinical picture is still forming

Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms

Doctors often recommend B12 injections for folks who have a true deficiency or trouble absorbing B12 naturally, not just for energy or weight goals