This narrative review explores the relationship between energy metabolism and cortical spreading depression susceptibility, metabolic alterations in migraine (including glucose and insulin metabolism, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism imaging markers), oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the role of energy metabolism-targeted medications in migraine management
Tendon and Connective Tissue Repair IGF-1 demonstrates potent effects on tendon healing and connective tissue regeneration through multiple mechanisms
Peripheral and cochlear mechanisms include N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation, 62 altered operating points of outer hair cells, 63 stereociliary detachment, 64 and elevated intracochlear potentials
de Paiva, I.H.R., da Silva, R.S., Mendona, I.P