In addition, treatment with the long-acting GLP-1RA duraglutide restored muscle mass and function in DBA/2J-mdx mice.379 GLP-1RAs, particularly PF1801, have demonstrated effective relief in inflammatory myopathies, such as polymyositis (PM), through preclinical studies.376,380 The therapeutic effects of PF1801 are primarily achieved by modulating several key proteins that play central roles in inflammation and cellular metabolism.380 Firstly, the expression of GLP-1R is enhanced in the inflamed muscle fibers under pathological conditions, revealing the critical role of GLP-1R in regulating the muscles response to inflammation.381 PF1801 activates these receptors, initiating a series of biological responses that influence the inflammatory state of muscle cells, thereby alleviating inflammation

l-Arginine, a potent insulin secretagogue [309], also stimulates GLP-1 release from isolated rat intestine, and, when given orally, augments GLP-1 and insulin levels and improves glucose tolerance in mice, effects that are absent in GLP-1R KO mice [305]
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