The peptide acts primarily through modulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and the NO system
Dr Thornber advised: Vitamin B12 should be used with caution if you have any of the following conditions - heart concerns, high blood pressure, history of cancer, skin disorders, genitourinary concerns, gastrointestinal concerns, blood disorders, low serum levels of potassium, and history of gout. He added: If youre eating a balanced and healthy diet you should get enough B12 from your food including, meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs
The FDA does not require pre-approval for cosmetic ingredients, which is why thousands of serums, creams, and prescription formulations contain it without regulatory issue
For a broader explanation of ATP production, the electron transport chain, SOD enzymes and oxidative damage, review What Are Mitochondria