The BBB is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells, pericytes, and the pseudopodia of glial cells, functioning to allow the passage of nutrients while preventing harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain (Wang et al., 2024)
More specifically, an in vivo study, based on chronic 40-day peripheral administration of lixisenatide to high-fat fed mice with established obesity, insulin resistance and impaired cognition, found that lixisenatide significantly upregulated expression of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 ( NTRK2 ) gene and of the mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) gene in the hippocampus, which are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity [100]
Acute resistance exercise responses were considered to provide mechanistic background for longer-term adaptations to chronic RT
However, in the presence of hypoxia and excess hemin exposure along with supraphysiological concentrations of cystine, we readily detected the ability of DMF in contributing cysteine availability (Fig