There is a lack of studies, in particular, in the prenatal and perinatal periods, notwithstanding the global attention on the first 1,000 days of life, as in-utero exposure to contaminants is known to determine epigenetic changes with transgenerational effects, and to be associated with an increase in non-communicable diseases in later life
GSSG, along with glutathione and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), have been found to bind to the glutamate recognition site of the NMDA and AMPA receptors (via their -glutamyl moieties), and may be endogenous neuromodulators
Even doses as low as 100 mcg are potent enough to positively impact cognition in adults with depressive symptoms
For comparison, the annual inflation rate over the period was 4% on average, and workers wages increased 5%