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On the other hand, phenolic compounds can act as mitocans through different mechanisms that include inhibition of HK-II, BCL-2, electron transport chain complexes, induction of oxidative stress, voltage-gated anion channel (VDAC)/adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) complex dysregulation, or as lipophilic cations targeting the inner mitochondrial membrane, some intermediates of the TCA cycle, or mitochondrial DNA (Guerra et al., 2018)

It is generally well-tolerated, though comprehensive long-term studies are still limited

Absorption and metabolism of xanthophylls

ABCB4, responsible for PFIC3, is the gene mutation most frequently associated with LPAC, followed by ABCC2